Nichols School
Buffalo, NY
Nichols Fund
Your Gift; Their Success!
07
days06
hours31
mins41
secs81%
$1,027,232
raised of $1,275,000 goal915
supporters
Organizer
Advancement Office
Share why you support Nichols!
Select affiliation(s)...
Rahul Gupta (Alumni ’01)
12 days ago
thanks for a wonderful reunion weekend
Lisa Caywood (Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
In honor of Ms. Zhao
It is wonderful sharing Advisory with you!
Ramone Alexander (Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
In honor of Alexander/Gibson Advisory '22
Pictured (l to r): Matt, Nick, Alex, Gabe, Ryan, Sal, Jae Young, Lucas, Patrick. - May 22, 2019
Ryan Thompson (Alumni ’95, Parent ’32)
4 months ago
In honor of Coach Sara Saak
Go Vikings!
Monty Pooley (Alumni ’80, Trustee)
4 months ago
In recognition of Nichols’ Class of 1980!
John Nagel
6 hours ago
In memory of Mortimer L. Nagel Jr.
In memory of my father, a proud alumnus of Nichols, Class of 1929
Rhonda Avino (Parent ’08, ’11, ’13)
a day ago
In memory of Louis Avino and Matthew Benedict
C Gregory Vogelsang
2 days ago
In memory of Alissa Vogelsang
Bill Clough
4 days ago
In memory of Chris Burner
Jim Fitzhenry (Alumni ’84)
5 days ago
In honor of Lily Zhang
Sue Zeller (Parent ’73, ’76, ’80)
6 days ago
In honor of G. Frederick Zeller, Jr.
My husband went to Nichols, class of 1947, and returned to coach and work with students and staff for many wonderful years.
Dieter Schindler (Alumni ’59)
7 days ago
My year as exchange student at Nichols gave me a lot for my life and I am just grateful for that.
George Trammell
11 days ago
My great niece loves being a part the school community.
Robert Ramage (Alumni ’63)
13 days ago
In memory of James Ramage '77 & Margaret Ramage N '66
Jacob Zarzecki (Alumni ’15)
19 days ago
In honor of John Arthur Ennis
Sean Mann (Alumni ’15)
20 days ago
Nichols forever!
Linda Hambleton Zimmerman (Alumni ’73)
21 days ago
In honor of Grace McHendry
Karl Spangenberg (Alumni ’65)
21 days ago
In memory of Fritz Zeller and Bill Fitzhenry
David Hershey (Alumni ’77)
22 days ago
In honor of Donald Hershey, 44
Big part of my life
Peter Gow (Alumni ’68)
a month ago
In memory of W. Richard Ohler, Jr.
LOUISA LEVINE (Alumni ’76)
a month ago
In honor of Peter Amershadian
BRIAN DILLON (Alumni ’76)
a month ago
In honor of Lifers of the Class of 1976
Celebrating my full-ride classmates 50 years after we completed our 8 year run!
Aleksandra Yerkovich (Alumni ’80, Parent ’12, ’15, ’16, Trustee)
a month ago
In memory of John Ennis
Tracy Greco (Alumni ’86)
a month ago
In memory of Anthony E. Greco
Anjum Koreishi (Alumni ’01)
2 months ago
Just an amazing education, amazing teachers, amazing friends! Life obviously would not be the same without Nichols and I’ll always be grateful for where I went to high school.
Christina Leonard (Parent ’32)
2 months ago
So grateful for the fabulous faculty and staff!
Siva Yedlapati (Parent ’32)
2 months ago
Happy to support Nichols!
Daniel Collins (Alumni ’06)
2 months ago
GO BIG GREEN
Ben & Dani Walsh (Alumni ’07)
3 months ago
In memory of Chris Burner
jonathan wright (Alumni ’66)
3 months ago
In honor of Timothy S Wright '63
To the great class of 1966 on our 60th reunion
Kathleen Brady-Stepien (Alumni ’04)
3 months ago
In memory of James Williams ‘04
WILLIAM LOWETH (Alumni ’63)
4 months ago
Most important chapter of my life was and still is Nichols School
Ronald Canestro (Alumni ’10)
4 months ago
Go Big Green
Mark Ross (Alumni ’71)
4 months ago
In memory of William (Bill) Werner Sayenga
In Honor of Teacher William Sayenga, Retired.
A Great English Teacher and Coach!
Thank you, Bill.
Ray Wolf (Grandparent ’27)
4 months ago
In honor of Susan Wolf
Tiziana Daniels (Parent ’20)
4 months ago
Awesome school
Dalia Ismail (Parent ’31)
4 months ago
Keep up the good work
Catherine Williams (Alumni ’12)
4 months ago
In honor of Vic Williams, Class of '49
Robert Greene (Alumni ’57)
4 months ago
In honor of Kenneth Fuhrman, Class of 1957
Evan Craig (Alumni ’77)
4 months ago
In honor of Catharine Seaton
I learned to perform in front of large audiences thanks to Mrs. Seaton, who led the Music Department when I graduated in 1977. I graduated from Oberlin and Case with science and engineering degrees, and pursued a successful Engineering career, but it was her mentoring that enabled me to become a grassroots environmental leader and speak truth to power.
Sara & Dan Wiese (Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
In honor of The Nichols A-Team
Proud to be a part of the Nichols community!
Mrs. Melissa A. Pope ‘07 and Mr. Perry L. Pope P’29 (Alumni ’07, Parent ’29)
4 months ago
In honor of Nichols Faculty and Staff
The Nichols experience has had a profoundly positive impact on both my life and the legacy of my family.
william Leed (Alumni ’58)
4 months ago
In honor of Paul Seamons
Jason Saak (Parent ’33)
4 months ago
In honor of Sara Saak
Your passion for educating kids to love reading, be independent thinkers, and to be overall good humans is truly inspiring! Thank you for all you do!
Jarrod Caprow (Alumni ’98)
4 months ago
As a teacher, I am thankful everyday for the teachers I had at Nichols School. Their care, patience and positive attitudes when I was at Nichols continues to be inspiration to me to help me guide my students. I appreciate all of the work that the staff at Nichols School does to make the campus look amazing and take care of all of the behind the scenes work for the school to run so well. Thank you!
Rebecca Braungart (Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
In honor of Larry D
Thank you Larry for your legacy and great sporadic talks about Nichols’ history
Justin Gibson (Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
In honor of my colleagues in the Modern and Classical Languages Department
Peter Wickman (Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
In honor of Nichols students are just the best! Go Green!
Molly Kinkel (Alumni ’03, Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
In memory of William R Kinkel '46 (Gramps)
Greg Plumb (Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
Go Middle School Faculty/Staff!
Anonymous (Parent ’27)
4 months ago
In honor of Thank you for the great guidance Dr. Arribas!
Thank you for the great guidance Dr. Arribas!
John Boscarino (Alumni ’23)
4 months ago
In honor of Coach RonMon
Kristie Giaimo (Parent ’28, ’32)
4 months ago
Thank you to all of the Nichols teachers and staff! Go Vikings!
Maximillian Stachura (Alumni ’57)
4 months ago
In memory of Philip M. B. Boocock
Who refused to allow me to accept failure when I initially faltered, and who guided me and my parents to Hamilton College where I thrived, as he predicted.
Julia Liwicki (Alumni ’07)
4 months ago
Ce don est fait en l'honneur de tous mes profs de français!
John Vance (Alumni ’14)
4 months ago
In honor of Phil Vance
Go Vikings!
Mark Roberts (Alumni ’85)
4 months ago
In honor of Laura Schirri
Class of 1989 (Alumni ’89, Parent ’26, ’27)
4 months ago
In memory of Ossie Putnam, Class of 1989
Karen Walcott (Parent ’25, ’27)
4 months ago
Thanks you teachers and staff for being exceptional!
Susan Cronin (Alumni ’79)
4 months ago
The Nichols experience makes such a valuable impact on your life. The special teachers, coaches, administrators and leadership staffs are truly special. I am blessed to have attended such a wonderful place.
Joseph Walter (Alumni ’05)
4 months ago
In memory of Raymond Walter
Ashley Tibollo (Alumni ’06, Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
In honor of Bella Stack
Mrs. Stack was my advisor for 4 years as well as my Spanish teacher. Her guidance, support, and love was crucial to making my Nichols experience the formative one that it was. Now that I am an advisor, I have an even greater appreciation for the hard work, dedication, and effort that goes into advising.
Leah Mayer (Parent ’28, ’29, ’31, ’33)
4 months ago
We thank the teachers for going above and beyond to support the students!
Angela Campagna (Parent ’30)
4 months ago
In honor of All the MS teachers and staff that go out of their way to support our students!
Christina Leonard (Parent ’32)
4 months ago
In honor of all the faculty and staff!
Donna Kasza (Parent ’26)
4 months ago
In honor of Jake Oleksiak ‘96
A donation to Nichols School in honor of Jake Oleksiak ’96.
Thank you for pointing our family toward Nichols. The education, athletic opportunities, friendships, and lifelong memories gained there mean more to us than words can express.
John Eaton (Alumni ’72)
4 months ago
In honor of Andy Anderson
Ann Kern (Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
In honor of Sage Dining and the Facilities Department
Thanks to Sage Dining for serving healthy and delicious lunches, and to Facilities for clearing the campus of snow and ice during this extended cold snap. You are the unsung heroes of Nichols!
Kari Achatz (Parent ’29, Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
For the best Arts Department!
LORETTA KENNEDY-PETERS (Alumni ’79)
5 months ago
In honor of Deceased Memebers of the class of 79
Michael Dyett (Alumni ’64)
5 months ago
In honor of the Principal and great teachers of the 1960
Paul Schnatz (Alumni ’53)
6 months ago
In honor of J.David Schnatz, MD
Jake & Kathy Vogelsang (Alumni ’82)
6 months ago
In memory of Greg & Jeff Bradley
Marykate Oakley (Alumni ’04)
6 months ago
The education, coaching, mentorship, and opportunities I received at Nichols opened doors I otherwise would not have been able to walk through. I'm eternally grateful.
Holly Kemp (Faculty/Staff)
6 months ago
Nichols is an amazing school with so many different opportunities for the students of all ages! I enjoyed my 17 years there in the Athletic Dept.
Al Bellanca (Alumni ’74)
6 months ago
In honor of Jim Waltz, wrestling coach and math teacher
I wouldn’t be where I am today without the foundation my parents provided by sending me to Nichols.
Mary Reed (Alumni ’79)
6 months ago
In memory of Horace W. Reed III [1899-1972] - My grandfather. He sponsored the location of the first shop class on campus and it featured a plaque with his favorite quote, "A Place for Everything, and Everything in its Place".
James McFarland (Alumni ’80)
6 months ago
In honor of Jeffrey Arcouet 1980
Colin Hogan (Alumni ’14)
6 months ago
In memory of Maxwell Cywinski
Jennifer & Christopher Porter (Parent ’23, ’26, ’29)
6 months ago
Go Green!
Peter Wickman (Faculty/Staff)
6 months ago
Go Nichols!
Elliot Porter (Alumni ’20)
6 months ago
They prepared me to tackle the world ahead of me!
Alexander Paul Aversano (Alumni ’65)
7 months ago
in thanks for a great HS Education and the life long friends that came with it
JW Oppenheimer (Alumni ’74)
7 months ago
In honor of James W. Oppenheimer (my father)
Jodi Priselac de Riszner (Alumni ’93, Parent ’22, ’25, Trustee)
7 months ago
In memory of Amanda Gresens '93
C Gregory Vogelsang (Alumni ’71)
7 months ago
In honor of Alissa and Curt
Peter T Gates (Alumni ’73)
8 months ago
I can only say I am very grateful for the education I received at Nichols. It has helped me so much in my life.
Maria Spencer (Faculty/Staff)
8 months ago
In memory of Steve Spencer P'94
Brian Wilson (Alumni ’74)
8 months ago
In memory of Gary Wilson 1970
Marco Jurich (Faculty/Staff)
10 months ago
Proud to be part of Nichols School!!
Community Bank NA
10 months ago
In memory of Mr. S. Warren Prince Jr. '47
Marie Conger (Alumni ’80)
21 days ago
Class of 1980 Rocks!
KEvin Powers (Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
In honor of Nichols Students, Past and Present
With deep gratitude and affection for all of my students over the years. To all of the "wayward boys" advisories, to the "extended advisories," to all who have engaged in service work in our shared WNY community, and to all students of all identities, genders, backgrounds, talents, skills, interests, hopes, and dreams whose paths have crossed with mine: thank you. I have learned so much from you. May we always remember that the diversity of our community is its core strength. May we be mindful that, in life, we are all called to learn from and grow alongside one another. And, grounded in these values, may we work to have our actions in the world we all share be guided by compassion and mercy. With gratitude & respect ~ kp
Ronald Montesano (Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
In honor of Frank J. Sacheli
My home away from home
Liz Abbott
4 months ago
In memory of my Dad, Sam Abbott, Class of 1939. He loved his School !
Jane Austen (Parent ’09)
a year ago
3 of our children Graduated from Nichols and our Daughter -in-law taught there for several years.
Charles Hobbie (Alumni ’63)
7 hours ago
In memory of Young Ei Shin Hobbie
Darby Johnson (Alumni ’79)
a day ago
In memory of Bob Strauss '79
Dennis Reilly (Alumni ’74)
3 days ago
In honor of Influential teachers, Al Sutter and Ed Williams, and coaches, Bill Fitzhenry, Jim Waltz, and Ed Williams.
Josh Nussbaumer (Alumni ’89)
5 days ago
In honor of Mary Saperston
Donald Roberts (Alumni ’59)
5 days ago
In memory of Myron A. Roberts '56
Will Yerkovich (Alumni ’15)
6 days ago
In honor of John Arthur Ennis '15
Anonymous (Alumni ’12)
11 days ago
In memory of Matthew Benedict
Paul Albini (Alumni ’01)
12 days ago
In memory of Mr. Truscott
ANDREW RICH (Alumni ’69)
16 days ago
Please accept this in honor of my grandson, Nate Gorton, Class of 2026.
His graduation was a very proud moment for me.
Jasmine Prude (Parent ’31)
19 days ago
Great setting!
Keisha Garris (Parent ’32)
20 days ago
Keep up the good work!
Randy Fling (Alumni ’75)
21 days ago
In honor of Kevin Fling
Revere (Rip) Kinkel (Alumni ’76)
22 days ago
In honor of Dr and Mrs William R Kinkel
Congrats to my niece, Molly Kinkel on her work at Nichols
Michael Teruel (Alumni ’88)
25 days ago
In honor of Miriam C. Dow
In memory of Miriam C. Dow
Theodore Putnam (Alumni ’55, Parent ’89, ’90)
a month ago
In honor of Os Putnam ‘89
Peter Fleischmann (Alumni ’64)
a month ago
In memory of Albert R. Sutter
Kimberly Buchheit (Alumni ’78)
a month ago
I'm still working at my businesses in Orlando, FL, but trying to make excuses to visit Buffalo (in summertime, of course). It's time to start cooking up plans for our 50th Reunion!
Anonymous (Alumni ’09)
a month ago
Go Big Green.
Noah Benderson (Alumni ’25)
2 months ago
In honor of Kevin Powers
KP is the teacher who showed up for me and my classmates everyday all four years
Kenneth Robinson (Alumni ’91)
2 months ago
In honor of Andy Fors '91 and Nick Tzetzo '91 for their leadership. Thank you!
Grateful to give in honor of Andy Fors '91 and Nick Tzetzo '91 for their leadership. Thank you! I'm so sorry I can't come back to WNY for reunion.
Brian Duffett (Parent ’26)
2 months ago
School provided a wonderful experience for both of our children!!
Jodi Priselac De Riszner (Alumni ’93, Parent ’22, ’25, Trustee)
2 months ago
In honor of Amanda Gresens '93
Katie Jebb Norton and Jim Norton (Alumni ’76)
2 months ago
In memory of George Truscott
Alan Kirschenbaum (Alumni ’66)
3 months ago
To add to class of '66 support in our 60th reunion year!
Laurie and Thorn Luth
3 months ago
In memory of Chris Burner
Nadelyn Roberts (Grandparent ’31)
4 months ago
My grandchild loves the school.
Thomas Amari
4 months ago
In memory of Benjamin Bigler
Kathy Bradley Vogelsang (Alumni ’82)
4 months ago
In memory of Greg & Jeff Bradley
Catherine Kersey (Alumni ’95)
4 months ago
In honor of My teachers & my parents
Nichols instilled the value of an independent school education in me - the work ethic, the community, and the fun of being at school. I would not be where I am today, following in the footsteps of my parents and mentors, if not for Nichols. Thank you.
Dan and Leah Bartlo (Parent ’23, ’25, ’30)
4 months ago
We're truly grateful for all that you do!
Jennifer Nisengard (Alumni ’88)
4 months ago
In memory of those lost from the class of 1988.
Michael W. Kubiak '75 & Lori Fraser (Alumni ’75)
4 months ago
In honor of Albert Sutter, Spanish Professor
Professor Sutter made the study of a foreign language fun. He was demanding but the level of Spanish I learned at Nichols was exceptional. Thank you, Professor Sutter for helping me to embrace of the foreignness, of well, foreign languages.
Holly Constantine Ortman (Alumni ’96, Parent ’27)
4 months ago
In honor of Jim Cammarata and Ben Gerhardt for their amazing coaching of our boys' cross country team. Your leadership has truly shaped and enriched Ned's high school experience!
Mark and Maansi Travers (Alumni ’93, Parent ’26, ’28, Trustee)
4 months ago
Go Matthew and Milan!!
Kate Roach (Alumni ’83, Parent ’14, ’16, Trustee)
4 months ago
In honor of Ann Kern
Anna and Austin Farber (Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
In honor of The Nichols Advancement Team!
Monika Kubiak (Parent ’30)
4 months ago
For the best teachers ! The way the faculty supports our students academically and athletically!!! GO GREEN!
Deidre Batson-Griggs (Parent ’31, ’33)
4 months ago
In honor of Mama Crystal Austin Seymore
All your loving sacrifice for children in Buffalo.
Katie McIntyre
4 months ago
Go A-Team!!
Steve Hays (Parent ’22, ’23, ’25, ’30, ’33)
4 months ago
The best teachers, heart, community and opportunities.
Kim Schindler (Parent ’26, ’28, ’31)
4 months ago
My appreciation goes to the Chinese department. Ms. Yan and Ms. Zhao are amazing! They have made our Nichols experience especially wonderful.
David Hale Hale (Alumni ’80)
4 months ago
In memory of Raymond Walter Nichols Class of 1980
Rima Khan (Parent ’21, ’25, ’26)
4 months ago
Thank you to all the faculty and staff that work so hard everyday!!!
Erin & Matt Gorton (Parent ’26, ’28, Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
In honor of Kerry Bennett for her unwavering support and dedication as our son's College Counselor. Thank you times a million!.
Thank you, Kerry Bennett, for your support, patience, and kindness all throughout the College Counseling process! We love you!
clifford hurley (Alumni ’82)
4 months ago
In memory of Hon Betsy Glaser Hurley
Evan Gallagher
4 months ago
In honor of The Advancement Team
Good luck to the Advancement team on another successful year!
Martin & Molly Boscarino (Parent ’23, ’27)
4 months ago
In honor of Kelly Jorgensen
Margaret Boscarino (Parent ’23, ’27)
4 months ago
In honor of Kari Achatz & the Fine Arts Department
Thank you, Kari Achatz, for so generously sharing your artistic gifts and for inspiring our children to develop their creativity and grow into strong, confident individuals.
Quinn White (Parent ’33)
4 months ago
As a first year Nichols family we couldn't be more pleased with the faculty, staff, curriculum and extracurricular activities. Our son Dayton is very happy and so are we. Thank you to everybody at Nichols
Alise Shuart Barrett (Alumni ’88)
4 months ago
In honor of Beth Stone
Ashley White (Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
My home away from home <3
Melissa and David Jorgenson (Parent ’26, ’28)
4 months ago
In honor of All of the faculty and staff!
Thank you to the faculty and staff who make a difference every day!
Dora Iskalo (Parent ’23, ’27)
4 months ago
In honor of Nichols faculty and staff
Kara Burke (Parent ’32)
4 months ago
Go Vikings class of ‘32!
Meg Boucher
4 months ago
So inspiring to see the Nichols community come together for Days of Green! 💚
Jill Gerhardt (Alumni ’97, Parent ’31)
4 months ago
In honor of The A Team!
David Cabin (Parent ’28)
4 months ago
Thank you teachers and staff for all you do
kathleen massimilian (Alumni ’74)
4 months ago
In honor of Thea Maronian Del Balzo
Miss Thea inspired so many students, across all classes at Nichols, to perform in "West Side Story," and to further our appreciation of dance and the Performing Arts. Thank you Thea.
Adrienne and Chuck Ptak (Alumni ’98, Parent ’28, ’30)
4 months ago
In honor of Kari Achatz and Dan Nolan for being incredible advisors to our kids this year. Thank you for all you do!
Taylor Pietrowski (Alumni ’18)
4 months ago
In honor of Bella Stack
In honor of Bella Stack, my advisor and mentor at Nichols, whose guidance and support made a lasting difference in my education and life.
Janet Collins Jordan (Alumni ’73)
4 months ago
In honor of Class of 73's BARNEY WALSH
Anonymous (Parent ’30)
4 months ago
Great experience, great community, amazing school
Benjamin Gerhardt (Faculty/Staff)
4 months ago
In honor of the best language department in Buffalo!
Susan Robe (Grandparent ’29, ’31)
5 months ago
Your school is dedicated to excellence in both learning and community service.
Aaleya Koreishi (Alumni ’92)
5 months ago
Created the standard for me as I define myself as a student-athlete! The teachers and coaches were amazing role models and mentors.
John Linder (Alumni ’76)
6 months ago
In memory of Celia and Edward Linder
Thankful to my parent for sending me to Nichols. Grateful to celebrate my 50th reunion with the great Class of ‘76!
Joseph Kresse (Alumni ’83, Faculty/Staff)
6 months ago
In honor of Keith Celniker ‘84 Memorial Scholarship Fund
Greg Stevens (Alumni ’74)
6 months ago
In honor of EW Dann Stevens
Robert Milstein (Alumni ’66)
6 months ago
In honor of Richard Hayes
Frederick Shuart (Parent ’88, ’92, ’96)
6 months ago
In honor of Ruta Valters Shuart
Moms favorite school!
Marcia Rashman Frankel
6 months ago
In memory of Billy Rashman and in honor of 1963 80-year-old classmates
Bill & Jen Patterson
6 months ago
In honor of John Ennis
Ralph Gabarro (Alumni ’66)
6 months ago
In memory of Pete Gabarro
Many fond memories of my years at Nichols. I am forever grateful for the major role Nichols played in shaping my life.
david gruen (Alumni ’72)
6 months ago
loved seeing all my old classmates at the reunion a couple years ago
Paul and Else Blum Foundation (Blum Family) (Alumni ’51, ’85, ’88)
6 months ago
In honor of Bernard Blum (1951), Bette Blum (Trustee), Amy Blum Houston (1985), Nancy Blum (1988)
JUSTIN Webb (Alumni ’84)
6 months ago
Go big Green!
Ryan Walter (Alumni ’08)
7 months ago
In memory of Raymond Walter
Karen Ravin (Alumni ’85)
7 months ago
In honor of Laura Scirri Dudley
Craig MacDonald (Alumni ’94)
7 months ago
Nichols created an environment that helped shaped the person I am today. I will always be extremely grateful for that.
Daniel Collins (Alumni ’06)
7 months ago
GO BIG GREEN 💚
Monika Kubiak (Parent ’30)
8 months ago
To the whole entire Nichols community, Keep on thriving and doing great things !
Ramone Alexander (Faculty/Staff)
8 months ago
In honor of Warren Gelman '63
Thank you for being a great listener, and for all the wisdom you've shared. Your mentorship has been invaluable to me.
Annie Montesano
8 months ago
In honor of Lane Montesano
The Alumni Office connected a friend with a Nichols alum who changed his life. We appreciate the extra effort to make this happen. What wonderful outreach and care.
Emma Eddy (Faculty/Staff)
9 months ago
So grateful to be a part of our community. I love coming to school each day!
Christine Roach (Faculty/Staff)
10 months ago
In memory of John Ennis
John Hurley Jr (Alumni ’70)
a year ago
In honor of George E Hurley
Giving options
© 2026 BoostMySchool Inc. All Rights Reserved.